Pitting in Martian Soil During Repeated Laser Shots From Mars Rover
Click on the image for the animation
The 16 frames in this time-lapse movie show how repeated laser shots from the Chemistry and Camera (ChemCam) instrument on NASA's Mars rover Curiosity cause a pit to form at the target point in Martian soil. The area of soil included in the images is about 1.1 inches (28 millimeters) across. The movie clip compresses the duration, which actually took about 20 minutes from the first frame to the last.
During the 271st Martian day, or sol, of Curiosity's work on Mars (May 11, 2013), ChemCam fired its laser at a soil target informally named "Sutton Inlier." ChemCam's remote micro-imager (RMI) recorded a series of images during this activity, documenting the formation of a pit during a burst of laser shots. The soil target, which lies within the "Yellowknife Bay" area, was 9 feet (2.75 meters) away from the ChemCam's laser and RMI, which are at the top of the rover's mast. Each laser shot delivers more than a million watts of power for about five one-billionths of a second.
The laser's interaction with the target material generates plasma -- ionized gas -- by energetically exciting atoms in the soil. This tiny crater results from the shock wave produced by rapid expansion of the plasma.
The 16 images were interspersed among a total of 100 laser shots, allowing construction of a time-lapse movie covering this 20 minute experiment. The first five image frames were taken with only one laser shot between consecutive frames. The crater formed as soon as the first laser shot hit the target. Then, because the laser beam came from a slanting angle, not vertically, soil grains collapsed downslope into the hole, causing the crater to move slightly.
NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory, a division of the California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, manages the Mars Science Laboratory Project for NASA's Science Mission Directorate, Washington. JPL designed and built the project's Curiosity rover and the rover's Navcam.
More information about Curiosity is online at http://www.nasa.gov/msl and http://mars.jpl.nasa.gov/msl/.