[{"data":1,"prerenderedAt":-1},["ShallowReactive",2],{"UYbHUFaUk9ohlCTGMI6Hth6V2nkYFvMNzV0a9z8KibE":3,"ArElbG0wtDo8o3dWFM7df6yYbzdDzptlX8-sZzotIME":7,"RW0LtZ-K9Q2mM_oKnwldx-UT8mHxpUWAHJBhA0xNo2c":131,"YxpTrwX8E1xFUzNIlCxfVfJ9m7-T12hBZJR19pTehyY":454,"_apollo:default":868},{"init":4},{"__typename":5,"id":6},"GoChildPage","130761",{"page":8},{"__typename":5,"id":6,"lastPublishedAt":9,"seoTitle":10,"searchDescription":11,"breadcrumb":12,"slug":13,"url":14,"displayLabel":15,"title":10,"clearanceNumber":16,"heroPosition":17,"heroConstrain":18,"heroImageInline":19,"heroImage":31,"body":54,"thumbnailImage":128,"relatedLinks":129,"relatedContentHeading":11,"relatedContent":130},"2024-03-28T18:02:00.152385+00:00","Journal Articles","","[{\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\", \"title\": \"Electric Propulsion Laboratory\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fawards\", \"title\": \"About Us\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fcapabilities\", \"title\": \"Capabilities\", \"children\": [{\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fcapabilities\u002Ffacilities\", \"title\": \"Facilities\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fcapabilities\u002Fmodels\", \"title\": \"Modeling & Simulations\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fcapabilities\u002Fdiagnostics\", \"title\": \"Diagnostics\", \"children\": []}]}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fflight-projects\", \"title\": \"Flight Projects\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fpublications\", \"title\": \"Publications\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fgallery\", \"title\": \"Gallery\", \"children\": [{\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fgallery\u002Fion-thrusters\", \"title\": \"Ion Thrusters\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fgallery\u002Fhall-thrusters\", \"title\": \"Hall Thrusters\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fgallery\u002Fcathodes\", \"title\": \"Cathodes\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fgallery\u002Fmicropropulsion\", \"title\": \"Micropropulsion\", \"children\": []}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fgallery\u002Fep-group\", \"title\": \"EP Group\", \"children\": []}]}, {\"path\": \"https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fnews\", \"title\": \"News\", \"children\": []}]","journal-articles","https:\u002F\u002Fwww.jpl.nasa.gov\u002Fgo\u002Fepl\u002Fpublications\u002Fjournal-articles","EPL","CL#24-0850","full_bleed",true,{"__typename":20,"srcSet":21,"original":22,"src":23,"title":28,"alt":11,"caption":29,"credit":11,"detailUrl":30},"CustomImage","https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-640.jpg 640w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-768.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1024.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1280.jpg 1280w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1320.jpg 1320w","https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Foriginal_images\u002Fbpt4000_062.jpg",{"__typename":24,"url":25,"width":26,"height":27},"CustomRendition","https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1024.jpg","1024","768","Hall Thruster - 20","\u003Cp data-block-key=\"8e5sw\">Aerojet BPT-4000 Hall thruster\u003C\u002Fp>",null,{"__typename":20,"srcSet":32,"src":33,"screenXs":36,"screenSm":39,"screenMd":42,"screenLg":44,"screenXl":45,"screenTwoxl":48,"screenThreexl":51,"alt":11,"caption":29,"credit":11,"detailUrl":30},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-320.jpg 320w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-640.jpg 640w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-768.jpg 768w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1024.jpg 1024w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1280.jpg 1280w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1440.jpg 1440w, https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.width-1800.jpg 1800w",{"__typename":24,"url":34,"width":26,"height":35},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-1024x441-c10.jpg","441",{"__typename":24,"url":37,"width":38},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-320x138-c10.jpg","320",{"__typename":24,"url":40,"width":41},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-640x276-c10.jpg","640",{"__typename":24,"url":43,"width":27},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-768x331-c10.jpg",{"__typename":24,"url":34,"width":26},{"__typename":24,"url":46,"width":47},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-1280x551-c10.jpg","1280",{"__typename":24,"url":49,"width":50},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-1440x620-c10.jpg","1440",{"__typename":24,"url":52,"width":53},"https:\u002F\u002Fd2pn8kiwq2w21t.cloudfront.net\u002Fimages\u002Fbpt4000_062.2e16d0ba.fill-1800x775-c10.jpg","1800",[55,60,63,66,68,71,73,76,78,81,83,86,88,91,93,96,98,101,103,106,108,111,113,116,118,121,123,126],{"__typename":56,"blockId":57,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":59},"HeadingBlock","1be49687-74b4-40f9-a075-088d2b268a63","h2","2016",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":62},"RichTextBlock","\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Polk, J. E., Capece, A. M., Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., “\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4938489\">Barium Depletion in Hollow Cathode Emitters\u003C\u002Fa>,” Journal of Applied Physics, Vol. 119, 2016, pp. 023303 (1-11).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":64,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":65},"70e61016-f2ac-4e60-9490-2197a0bc6d23","2015",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":67},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Lopez Ortega, A., Katz, I., Mikellides, I. G., and Goebel, D. M., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1109\u002FTPS.2015.2446411\">Self-Consistent Model of a High-Power Hall Thruster Plume\u003C\u002Fa>," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 43, 9, 2875-2886, 2015.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"fsn6p\">Sekerak, M. J., Longmier, B. W., Gallimore, A. D., Brown, D. L., Hofer, R. R., and Polk, J. E., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F10.0.4.85\u002FTPS.2014.2355223\">Azimuthal Spoke Propagation in Hall Effect Thrusters\u003C\u002Fa>," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 43, 1, 72-85, January 2015.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1a177\">Conversano, R. W., Goebel, D. M., Hofer, R. R., Matlock, T. S., and Wirz, R. E., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F10.0.4.85\u002FTPS.2014.2321107\">Development and Initial Testing of a Magnetically Shielded Miniature Hall Thruste\u003C\u002Fa>r," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 43, 1, 103-117, January 2015.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"fs9eo\">Goebel, D. M., Hofer, R. R., Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Polk, J. E., and Dotson, B. N., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002F10.0.4.85\u002FTPS.2014.2321110\">Conducting Wall Hall Thrusters\u003C\u002Fa>," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 43, 1, 118-126, January 2015.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"eci85\">Mikellides, I. G., Goebel, D. M., Jorns, B. A., Polk, J. E., and Guerrero, P. "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1109\u002FTPS.2014.2320876\">Numerical Simulations of the Partially-ionized Gas in a 100-A LaB6 Hollow Cathode\u003C\u002Fa>," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 43, 1, 173-184, January 2015.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":69,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":70},"e57c1264-e3ec-48b8-b349-afd7647326dd","2014",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":72},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Oh, D. Y., Snyder, J. S., Goebel, D. M., Hofer, R. R., and Randolph, T. M., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2514\u002F1.A32889\">Solar Electric Propulsion for Discovery-Class Missions\u003C\u002Fa>," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 51, 6 , 1822-1835 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"fjgt9\">Mikellides, I. G., Hofer, R. R., Katz, I., and Goebel, D. M., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4892160\">Magnetic Shielding of Hall Thrusters at High Discharge Voltage\u003C\u002Fa>s," Journal of Applied Physics, 116, 053302 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1ka9v\">Jorns, B. A. and Hofer, R. R., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4879819\">Plasma Oscillations in a 6-kW Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster\u003C\u002Fa>," Physics of Plasmas 21, 5, 053512 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"4p7lk\">Polk, J. E., Mikellides, I. G., Capece, A. M., and Katz, I., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4873168\">The Effect of Cathode Geometry on Barium Transport in Hollow Cathode Plasmas\u003C\u002Fa>," Journal of Applied Physics 115, 18, 183301 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"eumks\">Capece, A. M., Polk, J. E., Mikellides, I. G., and Shepherd, J. E., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4871755\">Oxygen Transport in the Internal Xenon Plasma of a Dispenser Hollow Cathode\u003C\u002Fa>," Journal of Applied Physics 115, 15, 153302 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"78f7r\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Hofer, R. R., and Goebel, D. M., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4862313\">Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. I. Theory and validation\u003C\u002Fa>," J. Appl. Phys., 115, 043303 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"e03td\">Hofer, R. R., Goebel, D. M., Mikellides, I. G., and Katz, I., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4862314\">Magnetic shielding of a laboratory Hall thruster. II. Experiments\u003C\u002Fa>," J. Appl. Phys., 115, 043304 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"60ovo\">Snyder, J. S., Brophy, J. R., Hofer, R. R., Goebel, D. M., and Katz, I.. "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2514\u002F1.A32479\">Experimental Investigation of a Direct-Drive Hall Thruster and Solar Array System\u003C\u002Fa>," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 51, 1, 360-373 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"dhq15\">Goebel, D. M. and Chu, E., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2514\u002F1.b34870\">High-Current Lanthanum Hexaboride Hollow Cathode for High-Power Hall Thrusters\u003C\u002Fa>," Journal of Propulsion and Power 30, 1, 35-40 (2014).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":74,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":75},"ca46d8e2-8e02-4c26-b82c-9eef6fa9e640","2013",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":77},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Chu, E., Goebel, D. M., and Wirz, R. E.. "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.2514\u002F1.B34799\">Reduction of Energetic Ion Production in Hollow Cathodes by External Gas Injection\u003C\u002Fa>", Journal of Propulsion and Power, Vol. 29, No. 5, pp. 1155-1163 (2013).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"9k3fs\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Hofer, R. R., and Goebel, D. M., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.4776192\">Magnetic Shielding of Walls from the Unmagnetized Ion Beam in a Hall Thruste\u003C\u002Fa>r," Applied Physics Letters, 102, 2, 023509 (2013).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":79,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":80},"ac0363c2-7546-4c4d-86a3-8deaf6592580","2012",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":82},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Mikellides, I. G., and Katz, I., "Numerical Simulations of Hall-Effect Plasma Accelerators on a Magnetic-Field-Aligned Mesh," Physical Review E, 86, 4, 046703 (2012).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ehesh\">Chu, E., and Goebel, D.M., "High-Current Lanthanum Hexaboride Hollow Cathode for 10-to-50-kW Hall Thrusters," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science, 40, 9, 2133-2144 (2012).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"eo8t2\">Polk, J.E., Goebel, D.M., Snyder, J.S., Schneider, A.C., Johnson, L.K., Sengupta, A., "\u003Ca href=\"http:\u002F\u002Fdx.doi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.3326290\">A High Power Ion Thruster for Deep Space Missions\u003C\u002Fa>," Review of Scientific Instruments 83, 7, 073306-073314 (2012).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5sll5\">Goebel, D. M., Jameson, K. K., and Hofer, R. R., "Hall Thruster Cathode Flow Impact on Coupling Voltage and Cathode Life," Journal of Propulsion and Power 28, 2, 355-363 (2012).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"2f8r2\">Snyder, J. S., Goebel, D. M., Hofer, R. R., Polk, J. E., Wallace, N. C., and Simpson, H., "Performance Evaluation of the T6 Ion Engine," Journal of Propulsion and Power 28, 2, 371-379 (2012).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":84,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":85},"0f9469ba-e466-44bd-ad4b-725dffd62b33","2011",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":87},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Goebel, D. M., Polk, J. E., and Mikellides, I. G., "Ion Thruster Performance Impacts Due to Cathode Wear," Journal of Propulsion and Power 27, 4, 768-776 (2011).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"e5r4k\">Wirz R., Anderson J., Katz I., “Time-Dependent Erosion of Ion Optics,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, 27, 1, January–February 2011, DOI: 10.2514\u002F1.46845.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"58l5c\">Wirz R., Katz I., Goebel D., Anderson J., “Electron Backstreaming Determination for Ion Thrusters,” Journal of Propulsion and Power, 27, 1, January–February 2011, DOI: 10.2514\u002F1.46844.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"aspbd\">D.R. Bromaghim, G. D. Reed, J. T. Singleton, D. J. Connolly, L. K Johnson, D. G. Conroy, R. J. Gorecki, F.D. Tan, H. Choy, B. M. Pote, L. T. Byrne, W. J. Connolly, V. H. Hruby, J.K. Barbarits, P. F. Sydney, K. M. Hamada, R. A. Dressler, and Y.-H. Chiu, "Summary of On-Orbit Performance of the 200-W Hall Thruster System on TacSat-2," JANNAF J. Propulsion & Energetics 4, 87 (2011).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"c59ss\">Katz, I., and Mikellides, I. G., "A “Quiet” Algorithm for the Simulation of Free Molecular Flow in Plasma Devices," Journal of Computational Physics, Vol. 230, No. 4, 2011, pp. 1454-1464.\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ad2gt\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Hofer, R. R., and Goebel, D. M., de Grys, K., and Mathers, A., "Magnetic Shielding of the Channel Walls in a Hall Plasma Accelerator," Physics of Plasmas, Vol. 18, No. 3, 2011, pp. 033501 (1-18).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"m41s\">J. T. Singleton, D. J. Connolly, D. R. Bromaghim, and L. K Johnson, "Flight Summary of Spacecraft-Thruster Interactions on TacSat-2," JANNAF J. Propulsion & Energetics 4, 103 (2011).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"7iprn\">P. F. Sydney, K. M. Hamada, M. Bolden, T. M. Kelecy, D. T. Hall, D. A. Archambeault, R. A. Dressler, Y.-H. Chiu, D. R. Bromaghim, J. M. Ekholm, C. J. Finley, and L. K Johnson, "Ground-Based Observations of TacSat-2 Maneuvers," JANNAF J. Propulsion & Energetics4, 115 (2011).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":89,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":90},"6df542eb-e233-4e13-b5ce-57d2ad9829bf","2010",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":92},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Goebel, D. M. and Watkins, R. M., "Compact Lanthanum Hexaboride Hollow Cathode," Review of Scientific Instruments 81, 8, 083504 (2010).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"gsd9\">Mikellides, I. G., Goebel, D. M., Snyder, J. S., Katz, I., and Herman, D. A., "The Discharge Plasma in Ion Engine Neutralizers: Numerical Simulations and Comparisons with Laboratory Data," \u003Ci>Journal of Applied Physics\u003C\u002Fi>, Vol. 108, No. 11, 2010, pp. 113308 (1-12).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":94,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":95},"ae8678a6-4c2e-42a8-88cd-74777bff65b8","2009",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":97},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Snyder, J. S., Anderson, J. R., Van Noord, J. L., and Soulas, G. C., "Environmental Testing of Nasa’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster Prototype Model 1 Reworked Ion Engine," Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, 1, 94-104 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5nikm\">Shastry, R., Hofer, R. R., Reid, B. M., and Gallimore, A. D., "Method for Analyzing ExB Probe Spectra from Hall Thruster Plumes," Review of Scientific Instruments 80, 063502 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"8pihr\">Sengupta, A., Goebel, D. M., and Owens, A. G., "Langmuir Probe Studies of Magnetic Confinement in an Ion Thruster Discharge Plasma," Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, 2, 387-396 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"28ai5\">Sengupta, A., Anderson, J. A., Garner, C., Brophy, J. R., De Groh, K. K. et al., "Deep Space 1 Flight Spare Ion Thruster 30,000-Hour Life Test," Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, 1, 105-117 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ag2mu\">Sengupta, A., "Magnetic Confinement in a Ring-Cusp Ion Thruster Discharge Plasma," Journal of Applied Physics 105, 9, 093303 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5gg2a\">Polk, J. E., Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., and Capece, A. M., "Tungsten and Barium Transport in the Internal Plasma of Hollow Cathodes," Journal of Applied Physics 105, 11, 113301 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"a3bn6\">Mikellides, I. G., "Effects of Viscosity in a Partially Ionized Channel Flow with Thermionic Emission," Physics of Plasmas 16, 1, 013501 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"4a2nq\">Brophy, J. R., Garner, C. E., and Mikes, S., "Dawn Ion Propulsion System: Initial Checkout after Launch," Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, 6, 1189-1202 (2009).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":99,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":100},"254c4cca-9b06-4c8b-8cc1-de57233f47f1","2008",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":102},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Wirz, R. E., Anderson, J. R., Goebel, D. M., and Katz, I., "Decel Grid Effects on Ion Thruster Grid Erosion," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2122-2129 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"86sod\">Wirz, R., Sullivan, R., Przybylowski, J., and Silva, M., "Hollow Cathode and Low-Thrust Extraction Grid Analysis for a Miniature Ion Thruster," International Journal of Plasma Science and Engineering 2008, 1-12 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"b63q3\">Wirz, R. and Goebel, D., "Effects of Magnetic Field Topography on Ion Thruster Discharge Performance," Plasma Sources Science and Technology 17, 3, 035010 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"31g1\">Sengupta, A., Kulleck, J., Hill, N., and Ohlinger, W., "Invited Article: Physical and Chemical Analyses of Impregnated Cathodes Operated in a Plasma Environment," Review of Scientific Instruments 79, 11, 111301 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"cjt3v\">Polk, J. E., Sekerak, M. J., Ziemer, J. K., Schein, J., Qi, N. et al., "A Theoretical Analysis of Vacuum Arc Thruster and Vacuum Arc Ion Thruster Performance," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2167-2179 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"6qhvj\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Goebel, D. M., Jameson, K. K., and Polk, J. E., "Wear Mechanisms in Electron Sources for Ion Propulsion, 2: Discharge Hollow Cathode," Journal of Propulsion and Power 24, 4, 866 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"v495\">Mikellides, I. G. and Katz, I., "Wear Mechanisms in Electron Sources for Ion Propulsion, 1: Neutralizer Hollow Cathode," Journal of Propulsion and Power 24, 4, 855 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"4no5q\">Mandell, M. J., Davis, V. A., Pencil, E. J., Patterson, M. J., Mcewen, H. K. et al., "Modeling the NEXT Multithruster Array Test with Nascap-2k," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2309-2318 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"38qur\">Kolasinski, R. D., Polk, J. E., Goebel, D. M., and Johnson, L. K., "Carbon Sputtering Yield Measurements at Grazing Incidence," Applied Surface Science 254, 2506-2515 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"52jk2\">Katz, I., Mikellides, I. G., Goebel, D. M., and Polk, J. E., "Insert Heating and Ignition in Inert-Gas Hollow Cathodes," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2199-2206 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"fehi0\">Katz, I., Hofer, R. R., and Goebel, D. M., "Ion Current in Hall Thrusters," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2015-2024 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5tqck\">Hofer, R. R., Johnson, L. K., Goebel, D. M., and Wirz, R. E., "Effects of Internally-Mounted Cathodes on Hall Thruster Plume Properties," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2004-2014 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"66hvh\">Goebel, D. M., "Analytical Discharge Model for RF Ion Thrusters," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 36, 5, 2111-2121 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"c2ilk\">Gamero-Castano, M., "Characterization of the Electrosprays of 1-Ethyl-3-Methylimidazolium Bis(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) Imide in Vacuum," Physics of Fluids 20, 3, 032103 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"6nhl9\">Gamero-Castano, M., "The Structure of Electrospray Beams in Vacuum," Journal of Fluid Mechanics 604 (2008).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ehc9j\">Corey, R.L., Snyder, J.S., Price, X., Malone, S.P., and T.M. Randolph, “Hall Thruster Plume Model for Spacecraft Impingement Torque: Development and Validation,” J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, vol. 45, no. 4, pps. 766-775, July-Aug. 2008.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":104,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":105},"04a194b2-b8d6-42de-b026-064ceae90bff","2007",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":107},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Polk, J. E., Marrese-Reading, C. M., Thornber, B., Dang, L., Johnson, L. K. et al., "Scanning Optical Pyrometer for Measuring Temperatures in Hollow Cathodes," Review of Scientific Instruments 78, 093101 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"qgs3\">Oh, D. Y., "Evaluation of Solar Electric Propulsion Technologies for Discovery-Class Missions," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 44, 2, 399-411 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"722uc\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Goebel, D. M., and Jameson, K. K., "Evidence of Nonclassical Plasma Transport in Hollow Cathodes for Electric Propulsion," Journal of Applied Physics 101, 063301 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ar4ag\">Kolasinski, R. D., Polk, J. E., Goebel, D., and Johnson, L. K., "Sputtering Yield Measurements at Glancing Incidence Using a Quartz Crystal Microbalance," Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology A: Vacuum, Surfaces, and Films 25, 2, 236 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"7ske6\">Katz, I., Mikellides, I. G., Polk, J. E., Goebel, D. M., and Hornbeck, S. E., "Thermal Model of the Hollow Cathode Using Numerically Simulated Plasma Fluxes," Journal of Propulsion and Power 23, 3, 522 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"c1cpd\">Goebel, D. M., Watkins, R. M., and Jameson, K. K., "Lab6 Hollow Cathodes for Ion and Hall Thrusters," Journal of Propulsion and Power 23, 3, 552-558 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"25brq\">Goebel, D. M., Jameson, K. K., Katz, I., and Mikellides, I. G., "Potential Fluctuations and Energetic Ion Production in Hollow Cathode Discharges," Physics of Plasmas 14, 103508 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"of3d\">Gamero-Castano, M., "Induction Charge Detector with Multiple Sensing Stages," Review of Scientific Instruments 78, 4, 043301 (2007).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":109,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":110},"8bb44643-bee2-4598-85d7-d2ff153d5a5f","2005-2006",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":112},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">St. Rock, B., Blandino, J. J., Anderson, K. R., and Polk, J. E., "Thermal Analysis of a Lithium Vaporizer for a High-Power Magnetoplasmadynamic Thruster," Journal of Propulsion and Power 22, 5, 1098-1110 (2006).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"3r33t\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Goebel, D. M., Polk, J. E., and Jameson, K. K., "Plasma Processes inside Dispenser Hollow Cathodes," Physics of Plasmas 13, 063504 (2006).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"18uf5\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Kuharski, R. A., and Mandell, M. J., "Elastic Scattering of Ions in Electrostatic Thruster Plumes," Journal of Propulsion and Power 21, 1, 111 (2005).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"6a9ec\">Mikellides, I. G., Katz, I., Goebel, D. M., and Polk, J. E., "Hollow Cathode Theory and Experiment. Ii. A Two-Dimensional Theoretical Model of the Emitter Region," Journal of Applied Physics 98, 113303 (2005).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5asdc\">Goebel, D. M. and Schneider, A. C., "High-Voltage Breakdown and Conditioning of Carbon and Molybdenum Electrodes," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 33, 4, 1136-1148 (2005).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"6u5i1\">Goebel, D. M., Jameson, K. K., Watkins, R. M., Katz, I., and Mikellides, I. G., "Hollow Cathode Theory and Experiment. I. Plasma Characterization Using Fast Miniature Scanning Probes," Journal of Applied Physics 98, 113302 (2005).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"55dvs\">Fernandez De La Mora, J., Thomson, B. A., and Gamero-Castano, M., "Tandem Mobility Mass Spectrometry Study of Electrosprayed Tetraheptyl Ammonium Bromide Clusters," Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry 16, 717-732 (2005).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":114,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":115},"2cce7058-4319-402a-841c-6de14bd084b9","2003-2004",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":117},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Kolasinski, R. D. and Polk, J. E., "Characterization of Cathode Keeper Wear by Surface Layer Activation," Journal of Propulsion and Power 20, 6, 992-999 (2004).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5m139\">Wang, J., Polk, J., Brophy, J., and Katz, I., "Three-Dimensional Particle Simulations of Ion-Optics Plasma Flow and Grid Erosion," Journal of Propulsion and Power 19, 6, 1192-1199 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"2mtiv\">Parks, D. E. and Katz, I., "Asymptotic Magnetic Field Expansion in Mini-Magnetospheric Plasma Propulsion," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 40, 4, 597-598 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"3ro4m\">Mikellides, I. G., Mandell, M. J., and Katz, I., "Stagnation-Point Density of Hypersonic Ions in a Repelling Plasma Sheath," Journal of Spacecraft 40, 2, 298-301 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"9ject\">Katz, I., Anderson, J. R., Polk, J. E., and Brophy, J. R., "One-Dimensional Hollow Cathode Model," Journal of Propulsion and Power 19, 4, 595-600 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"bcd21\">Goebel, D. M., Schneider, A. C., Menninger, W. L., and Weekley, J. M., "Gain Increases through End of Life in Traveling Wave Tubes," IEEE Transactions on Plasma Science 50, 4, 1117-1124 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"eu6qt\">Frisbee, R. H., "Advanced Space Propulsion for the 21st Century," Journal of Propulsion and Power 19, 6, 1129-1154 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"e0aqd\">Brophy, J., "Advanced Ion Propulsion Systems for Affordable Deep-Space Missions," Acta Astronautica 52, 309-316 (2003).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":119,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":120},"28d7968c-55a8-4abb-8943-d3108ca36da9","2000-2002",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":122},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Schein, J., Qi, N., Binder, R., Krishnan, M., Ziemer, J. K. et al., "Inductive Energy Storage Driven Vacuum Arc Thruster," Review of Scientific Instruments 73, 2, 925 (2002).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"8lsln\">Rayman, M. D. and Williams, S. N., "Design of the First Interplanetary Solar Electric Propulsion Mission," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 39, 4, 589-595 (2002).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"fp1se\">Mikellides, I. G., Jongeward, G. A., Katz, I., and Manzella, D. M., "Plume Modeling of Stationary Plasma Thrusters and Interactions with the Express-a Spacecraft," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 39, 6, 894-903 (2002).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"bd5ll\">Brophy, J. R., "Nasa’s Deep Space 1 Ion Engine (Plenary)," Review of Scientific Instruments 73, 2, 1071 (2002).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"319j4\">Marcucci, M. G. and Polk, J. E., "Nstar Xenon Ion Thruster on Deep Space 1: Ground and Flight Tests (Invited)," Review of Scientific Instruments 71, 3, 1389-1400 (2000).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"b0hpg\">Ganapathi, G. B. and Engelbrecht, C. S., "Performance of the Xenon Feed System on Deep Space One," Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets 37, 3, 392-398 (2000).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":56,"blockId":124,"blockType":56,"level":58,"heading":125},"19135c0a-b4c0-48fd-bb4f-2091c3b53a36","1985-1999",{"__typename":61,"blockType":61,"value":127},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"1or05\">Brophy, J. R. and Noca, M., "Electric Propulsion for Solar System Exploration," Journal of Propulsion and Power 14, 5, 700-707 (1998).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"2d0ii\">Erwin, D. A., Pham-Van-Diep, G. C., and Deininger, W. D., "Laser-Induced Fluorescence Measurements of Flow Velocity in High-Power Arcjet Thruster Plumes," AIAA Journal 29, 8, 1298-1303 (1991).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"6cats\">Deininger, W. D., Pivirotto, T. J., and Brophy, J. R., "Effect of Nozzle and Cathode Configuration on Arcjet Performance," Journal of Propulsion 6, 3, 271-275 (1990).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"9u8s1\">Brophy, J. R., "Computer-Controlled Xenon Ion Engine Operation," Journal of Propulsion 5, 1, 42-48 (1989).\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"bg5ev\">Brophy, J. R. and Wilbur, P. J., "Simple Performance Model for Ring and Line Cusp Ion Thrusters " AIAA Journal 23, 11, 1731-1736 (1985).\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":20,"original":22,"alt":11},[],[],{"footer":132},{"__typename":133,"id":134,"footerNavigation":135,"footerMoreFromJpl":374,"footerLinks":388,"relatedNasaSites":415,"footerMeta":443},"NavigationSettings","1",[136,182,201,225,272,291,308,343],{"__typename":137,"titleLink":138,"links":145},"MenuFooterPanel",{"__typename":139,"linkPage":140,"title":144},"MenuInternalLinkBlock",{"__typename":141,"title":142,"url":143},"ContentPage","Who We Are","\u002Fhome\u002Fwho-we-are\u002F","About JPL",[146,149,154,157,160,165,168,173,178],{"__typename":147,"linkPage":148,"path":11,"title":142},"MenuMixedLinkBlock",{"__typename":141,"url":143,"title":142},{"__typename":147,"linkPage":150,"path":11,"title":153},{"__typename":141,"url":151,"title":152},"\u002Fhome\u002Fwho-we-are\u002Ffaces-of-leadership-the-directors-of-jpl\u002F","Faces of Leadership: The Directors of 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