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data-block-key=\"b12is\">The Electric Propulsion Laboratory at JPL maintains a multitude of diagnostics to assess thruster performance and plasma properties, including thrust stands, plasma probes, and optical diagnostics. These diagnostic capabilities are described in more detail below. Contact the Electric Propulsion Group supervisor for further details.\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":55,"blockType":55,"value":58},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"b12is\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr\u002F>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"89mbp\">\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":60,"blockId":61,"blockType":60,"level":62,"heading":63},"HeadingBlock","1f560132-b6c9-4ea1-80b7-649d3e84370d","h2","Diagnostics in the Micropropulsion Lab",{"__typename":55,"blockType":55,"value":65},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"b12is\">\u003Cb>Nano-Newton Thrust Stand (nNTS)\u003C\u002Fb> The Nano-Newton Thrust Stand (nNTS) is capable of < 0.5 uN resolution thrust measurements for thruster assemblies that weigh up to 500 g.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ahueu\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"fao6j\">\u003Cb>Contamination Diagnostics\u003C\u002Fb> Temperature controlled Quartz Crystal Microbalance (TQCM) with ~ng\u002Fcm^2\u002Fhr resolution\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"cvgaf\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"9o7a1\">\u003Cb>Beam Target\u003C\u002Fb> Porous beam target to prevent facility effects (back sputtering, charge effects, etc)\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"570qk\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"9i657\">\u003Cb>Faraday Probes\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"2v0sb\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"8ce9n\">\u003Cb>Retarding Potential Analyzer (RPA)\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"9greq\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"e7ql5\">\u003Cb>Time of Flight (TOF) probe\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"ap9ou\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"bvom5\">\u003Cb>High voltage, low current electrometers\u003C\u002Fb> up to 10 kV, pA resolution\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"689rm\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"2851e\">\u003Cb>Scanning electron microscope with energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (SEM\u002FEDS)\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"eerj1\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"e08av\">\u003Cb>Class 100 clean room\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>",{"__typename":55,"blockType":55,"value":67},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"b12is\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr\u002F>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"c1ngv\">\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":60,"blockId":69,"blockType":60,"level":62,"heading":70},"357c38f7-cd07-432b-a0cc-cab071fa77db","Diagnostics in the Owens Chamber",{"__typename":55,"blockType":55,"value":72},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"b12is\">\u003Cb>Thrust Stand\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"bg292\">High-resolution inverted pendulum thrust stand available for measurements between 1 mN and 1 N\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"c6kap\">Hofer, R. R. and Anderson, J. R., "Finite Pressure Effects in Magnetically Shielded Hall Thrusters," AIAA Paper 2014-3709, July 2014.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"8kh2p\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"dp8na\">\u003Cb>Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) ion velocimetry\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"f14fk\">To determine time-averaged and time-resolved ion velocity distributions in the thruster plume\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"d3s3c\">Chaplin, V.H., Jorns, B.A., Lopez Ortega, A., Mikellides, I.G., Conversano, R.W., Lobbia, R.B., and Hofer, R.R. “Laser-induced fluorescence measurements of acceleration zone scaling in the 12.5 kW HERMeS Hall thruster,” Journal of Applied Physics 124, 183302 (2018); \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.5040388\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.1063\u002F1.5040388\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"6md4\">Chaplin, V.H., Lobbia, R.B., Lopez Ortega, A., Mikellides, I.G., Hofer, R.R., Polk, J.E., and Friss, A.J. “Time-resolved ion velocity measurements in a high-power Hall thruster using laser-induced fluorescence with transfer function averaging,” Applied Physics Letters 116, 234107 (2020)\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"296c7\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"6c77f\">\u003Cb>Near-field, high-speed ion current density, emissive, and Langmuir probes\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"8qjoq\">These probes describe plasma properties (ion current density, plasma potential, and electron temperature) near the thruster exit plane\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"fg2jq\">Hofer, R. R., Goebel, D. M., Mikellides, I. G., and Katz, I., "Magnetic Shielding of a Laboratory Hall Thruster Part II: Experiments," Journal of Applied Physics 115, 043303 (2014).\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"36hi5\">Jorns, B., Hofer, R. R., and Mikellides, I. G., "Power Dependence of the Electron Mobility Profile in a Hall Thruster," AIAA Paper 2014-3620, July 2014.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"3siqg\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"37gog\">\u003Cb>Far field probes (ExB, RPA, Faraday, Langmuir)\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"4u8ke\">These probes describe plasma properties (ion charge-to-mass ratio, ion energy, ion current density, and electron temperature) far from the thruster exit plane\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"8tkeh\">Hofer, R. R., Goebel, D. M., Mikellides, I. G., and Katz, I., "Design of a Laboratory Hall Thruster with Magnetically Shielded Channel Walls, Phase II: Experiments," AIAA-2012-3788, July 2012.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"5cvtn\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"5q8n1\">\u003Cb>Flush-mounted wall probes\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"17cmj\">These probes measure plasma properties (ion current density, plasma potential, and electron temperature) at the facility wall to help in determining facility effects\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"7n21a\">Hofer, R. R., Goebel, D. M., Mikellides, I. G., and Katz, I., "Design of a Laboratory Hall Thruster with Magnetically Shielded Channel Walls, Phase II: Experiments," AIAA-2012-3788, July 2012.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"45atr\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"1nkr5\">\u003Cb>Xenon-calibrated ionization gauges mounted at thruster exit plane\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"qd8i\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"g665\">\u003Cb>Thrust vector probe\u003C\u002Fb>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>",{"__typename":55,"blockType":55,"value":74},"\u003Cp data-block-key=\"b12is\">\u003C\u002Fp>\u003Chr\u002F>\u003Cp data-block-key=\"84t1v\">\u003C\u002Fp>",{"__typename":60,"blockId":76,"blockType":60,"level":62,"heading":77},"382d3144-e79b-43fd-ab1c-06b0ddbe2beb","Other Diagnostics",{"__typename":55,"blockType":55,"value":79},"\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"b12is\">\u003Cb>Environmental Testing\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"e2hl0\">Thermal vacuum testing is accomplished with a large thermal shroud for testing over temperatures of -140 to >450 degrees C.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"fr479\">Vibration and shock testing is also available in the Environmental Test Lab at JPL.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"9rbu9\">Snyder, J. S., Anderson, J. R., Van Noord, J. L., and Soulas, G. C., "Environmental Testing of Nasa’s Evolutionary Xenon Thruster Prototype Model 1 Reworked Ion Engine," Journal of Propulsion and Power 25, 1, 94-104 (2009).\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"6ea1\">Lobbia, R.B., Conversano, R.W., Reilly, S., Hofer, R.R., and Sorensen, R. “Environmental Testing of the HERMeS TDU-2 Hall Thruster,” AIAA Propulsion and Power Forum, Cincinnati, OH, Jul 9-11 2018. DOI: 10.2514\u002F6.2018-4646\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"3es2o\">\u003Cb>Surface profilometry (CMM and Nanovea)\u003C\u002Fb> – to assess erosion and deposition on thruster or other component surfaces\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"8fqk4\">Coordinate measuring machine (30 um resolution)\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"cltn\">Hofer, R. R., Jorns, B. A., Polk, J. E., Mikellides, I. G., and Snyder, J. S., "Wear Test of a Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster at 3000 Seconds Specific Impulse," Presented at the 33rd International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2013-033, Washington, DC, Oct 6-10, 2013.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"44khd\">Nanovea ST-400 non-contact surface profiler (1 um resolution, 20 mm depth-of-field, 3-axis motion control)\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"drjcl\">Sekerak, M., Hofer, R. R., Polk, J. E., Jorns, B. A., and Mikellides, I. G., "Wear Testing of a Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster at 2000 S Specific Impulse," Presented at the 34th International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2015-155, Kobe, Japan, July 4-10, 2015.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"3is9d\">\u003Cb>FLIR Infrared Camera\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"3l18\">To determine thermal distribution during operation\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"n5t2\">Hofer, R. R., Jorns, B. A., Polk, J. E., Mikellides, I. G., and Snyder, J. S., "Wear Test of a Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster at 3000 Seconds Specific Impulse," Presented at the 33rd International Electric Propulsion Conference, IEPC-2013-033, Washington, DC, Oct 6-10, 2013.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"9botp\">\u003Cb>FASTCAM S1\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"eh3au\">High speed (650 kfps) visual camera used to evaluate dynamic behavior across the thruster face\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"6lmf0\">Jorns, B. A. and Hofer, R. R., "Plasma Oscillations in a 6-kW Magnetically Shielded Hall Thruster," Physics of Plasmas 21, 5, 053512 (2014).\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"4oc2b\">\u003Cb>3-axis Gaussmeter\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"ekf6q\">Lakeshore 460 with automated data acquisition and motion control\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"a3vpq\">\u003Cb>Fast Scanning Pyrometer System for cathode life assessment\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"1qf42\">Noncontact temperature measurement technique for hollow cathode inserts using ratio pyrometry used to determine axial temperature profile\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"bvi0\">Polk, J. E., Marrese-Reading, C. M., Thornber, B., Dang, L., Johnson, L. K., and Katz, I., "Scanning Optical Pyrometer for Measuring Temperatures in Hollow Cathodes," Review of Scientific Instruments 78, 093101 (2007).\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"ensrm\">\u003Cb>Optical emission spectroscopy\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"eb2q7\">Chaplin, V.H., Johnson, L.K., Lobbia, R.B., Konopliv, M.F., Simka, T., and Wirz, R.E. “Insights from Collisional-Radiative Models of Neutral and Singly Ionized Xenon in Hall Thrusters,” Journal of Propulsion and Power 38(5) (2022). DOI: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2514\u002F1.B38676\">https:\u002F\u002Fdoi.org\u002F10.2514\u002F1.B38676\u003C\u002Fa>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"6qqq6\">\u003Cb>Gamma radiation diagnostics\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"bn42r\">High sensitivity erosion measurements using radioactive tracers\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"bqnes\">Polk, J. E., Lobbia, R., Barriault, A. and Guerrero Vela, P. P., “Use of an accelerated testing method to characterize inner front pole cover erosion in a high-power Hall thruster,” \u003Ci>Journal of Applied Physics\u003C\u002Fi>, \u003Ci>130\u003C\u002Fi>(18) 183302 (2021), doi: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faip.scitation.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1063\u002F5.0067452\">10.1063\u002F5.0067452\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"er3vb\">\u003Cb>Research-grade Hiden mass spectrometer\u002Fenergy analyzer\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"4llvj\">Polk, J. E., Lobbia, R., Barriault, A. and Guerrero Vela, P. P., “Use of an accelerated testing method to characterize inner front pole cover erosion in a high-power Hall thruster,” \u003Ci>Journal of Applied Physics\u003C\u002Fi>, \u003Ci>130\u003C\u002Fi>(18) 183302 (2021), doi: \u003Ca href=\"https:\u002F\u002Faip.scitation.org\u002Fdoi\u002F10.1063\u002F5.0067452\">10.1063\u002F5.0067452\u003C\u002Fa>.\u003C\u002Fli>\u003C\u002Ful>\u003C\u002Fli>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"8n1oj\">\u003Cb>High speed scanning Langmuir probes for hollow cathode internal plasma measurements.\u003C\u002Fb>\u003Cul>\u003Cli data-block-key=\"76iee\">Polk, J.E. and Lobbia, R.B., “The Effect of Time-Varying Currents on Hollow Operation,” IEPC-2022-146, 37th International Electric Propulsion Conference, 2022, and Goebel, D.M., et al., “Hollow cathode theory and experiment. I. 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