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Mariner 5 to Venus
Launch: June 14, 1967
Originally a backup Mars craft, Mariner 5 was redirected to Venus, flying within 4,000 kilometers (approximately 2,500 miles) of that planet.
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Mariner 6-7 to Mars
Mariner 6 launch: February 24, 1969
Mariner 7 launch: February 27, 1969
Mariner 6 and 7 completed the first dual mission to Mars, flying past the equator and south polar regions and analyzing the Martian atmosphere and surface with remote sensors.
+ Overview
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Mariner 8-9 to Mars
Mariner 8 launch: May 8, 1971
Mariner 9 launch: May 30, 1971
Mariner 9 was the first artificial satellite of Mars, orbiting the planet for nearly a year. It revealed a very different planet than expected -- one that boasted gigantic volcanoes and an immense canyon stretching 4,800 kilometers (3,000 miles) across its surface.
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Mars Global Surveyor
Launch: November 7,1996
This orbiter studied the entire Martian surface, atmosphere and interior, and has returned more data about the red planet than all previous Mars missions combined. Among key science findings so far, Global Surveyor took pictures of gullies and debris flow features that suggest there may be current sources of liquid water, similar to an aquifer, at or near the surface of the planet.
+ Overview
› Surveyor home page
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Mars Pathfinder
Launch: December 4, 1996
Mars Pathfinder, consisting of a lander and the Sojourner rover, returned an unprecedented amount of data as they explored an ancient flood plain in Mars' northern hemisphere known as Ares Vallis.
+ Overview
› Archived Pathfinder site
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